By the 5th century BC, however, the unofficial circulation of foreign precious-metal coinage had penetrated Spartan society, especially through the perioikoi and Spartans serving outside Laconia.

For centuries, critics have questioned the accuracy of his accounts, particularly when they involve distant cultures, strange customs, or unusual engineering feats.

Athenian military power rested predominantly on its naval supremacy, yet this strength also proved to be a limitation.

Although the Iliad typically features round shields, Hector, Agamemnon, and especially Ajax carry large shields described as being like towers. Ajax’s shield was enormous, made from eight ox hides. Hector’s...

”..but what do you have to say about my own happiness?” To this, the wise Athenian responded with a phrase that would become famous: “Count no man happy before his...

The friendship between Achilles and Patroclus was especially strong for another reason: Patroclus’ father, Menoetius, was the brother of Peleus, Achilles’ father, meaning they were first cousins.

He famously remarked, “Pound away at the sack—the body of Anaxarchus—you will not pound Anaxarchus himself,” asserting that while his body could be destroyed, his spirit and identity remained untouchable.

According to Pausanias, Milo once smeared a disk with oil, stood on it, and challenged other athletes and spectators to move him, which no one could do. It is also...

Still shocked, the Spartans received an immediate attack from the Thebans, who wanted to preempt any reinforcements for the besieged. And they were right. A strong force under Cleombrotus was...

Almost all the allies stood up, but none of the Spartans did; for they were forbidden to practice or learn any menial craft. Then Agesilaus laughed and said, “Do you...